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Fruticose lichen
A fruticose lichen is a lichen with a 3-dimensional, branching, bushy appearance, like a leafless shrub. Fruticose lichens are usually contrasted with crustose lichens, which grow like a 2-dimensional crust painted onto a surface (substrate), and foliose lichens, which grow like leafy, 2-dimensional sheets, lifting up from the substrate. Fruticose lichens and foliose lichens are called macrolichens, and all other lichens are called microlichens. The prefix "macro" and "micro" do not refer to size. The "branches" or "stems" of fruticose lichens are surrounded by a single, wrap-around, protective skin, called the cortex. By contrast, foliose lichens have two skins, one on the upper surface (upper cortex), the other on the lower surface (lower cortex), of the 2-diemensional leafy sheet. Crustose lichens have a single upper cortex but no lower cortex, with the underside attached to the substrate. Some fruticose lichens may flatten and appear similar to foliose lichens, in which case the single wrap-around skin is what distinguishes the lichen as being a fruticose lichen. Some foliose lichens may become branching and appear three dimensional, but still have two distinct cortices, unlike foliose lichens which have only a single cortex.
It has a vertical growth pattern and thread-like weavings. They are found as mounds, or "tangles" attached to the substrate only at their bases, and usually with a circular cross-section (terete).
==References==
2. Concord Staff
http://staff.concord.org/~btinker/gaiamatters/investigations/lichens/typeslichens.html
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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